Publications

Selected articles organized by publication year, from most recent:

2019

Zemeckis, D. R., Dean, M. J., DeAngelis, A. I., Van Parijs, S. M., Hoffman, W. S., Baumgartner, M. F., Hatch, L. T., Cadrin, S. X., & McGuire, C. H. Identifying the distribution of Atlantic cod spawning using multiple fixed and glider-mounted acoustic technologies. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 0(0): 1-16.

Webster, T. A., Van Parijs, S. M., Rayment, W. J., & Dawson, S. M. 2019. Temporal variation in the vocal behaviour of southern right whales in the Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Royal Society Open Science, 6: 181487.

2018

DeAngelis, A. I., Stanistreet, J. E., Baumman-Pickering S., & Cholewiak, D. M. 2018. A description of echolocation clicks recorded in the presence of True's beaked whale (Mesoplodon mirus). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 144(5), 2691-2700.

Cusano, D. A., Conger, L. A., Van Parijs, S. M., & Parks, S. E. 2018. Implementing conservation measures for the North Atlantic right whale: considering the behavioral ontogeny of mother-calf pairs. Animal Conservation: 1-10.

Cholewiak, D., Clark, C. W., Ponirakis, D., Frankel, A., Hatch, L. T., Risch, D., Stanistreet, J. E., Thompson, M., Vu, E., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2018. Communicating amidst the noise: modeling the aggregate influence of ambient and vessel noise on baleen whale communication space in a national marine sanctuary. Endangered Species Research, 36: 59-75.

Root-Gutteridge, H., Cusano, D. A., Shiu, Y., Nowacek, D. P., Van Parijs, S. M., & Parks, S. E. 2018. A lifetime of changing calls: North Atlantic right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, refine call production as they age. Animal Behaviour, 137: 21-34.

Cholewiak, D. M., Cerchio, S., Jacobsen, J. K, Urbán-R, J., & Clark, C. W. 2018. Songbird dynamics under the sea: acoustic interactions between humpback whales suggest song mediates male interactions. Royal Society Open Science, 5: 171298.

Haver, S. M., Gedamke, J., Hatch, L. T., Dziak, R. P., Van Parijs, S., McKenna, M. F., Barlow, J., Berchok, C., DiDonato, E., Hanson, B., Haxel, J., Holt, M., Lipski, D., Matsumoto, H., Meinig, C., Mellinger, D. K., Moore, S. E., Oleson, E. M., Soldevilla, M. S., & Klinck, H. 2018. Monitoring long-term soundscape trends in U.S. Waters: The NOAA/NPS Ocean Noise Reference Station Network. Marine Policy, 90: 6-13.

Stanistreet, J. E., Nowacek, D. P., Bell, J. T., Cholewiak, D. M., Hildebrand, J. A., Hodge, L. E. W., Van Parijs, S. M., & Read, A.J. 2018. Spatial and seasonal patterns in acoustic detections of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus along the continental slope in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Endangered Species Research, 25: 1-13.

2017

Soldevilla, M. S., Baumann-Pickering, S., Cholewiak, D., Hodge, L. E., Oleson, E. M., & Rankin, S. 2017. Geographic variation in Risso's dolphin echolocation click spectra. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142(2), 599-617

Cholewiak, D., DeAngelis, A. I., Palka, D., Corkeron, P. J., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2017. Beaked whales demonstrate a marked acoustic response to the use of shipboard echosounders. Royal Society open science, 4: 170940.

Stanley, J. A., Van Parijs, S. M., & Hatch, L. T. 2017. Underwater sound from vessel traffic reduces the effective communication range in Atlantic cod and haddock. Scientific Reports, 7: 15633.

Davis, G. E., Baumgartner, M. F., Bonnell, J. M., Bell, J., Berchok, C., Thornton, J. B., Brault, S., Buchanan, G., Charif, R. A., Cholewiak, D., Clark, C. W., Corkeron, P., Delarue, J., Dudzinski, K., Hatch, L., Hildebrand, J., Hodge, L., Klinck, H., Kraus, S., Martin, B., Mellinger, D. K., Moors-Murphy, H., Nieukirk, S., Nowacek, D. P., Parks, S., Read, A. J., Rice, A. N., Risch, D., Sirovic, A., Soldevilla, M., Stafford, K., Stanistreet, J. E., Summers, E., Todd, S., Warde, A., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2017. Long-term passive acoustic recordings track the changing distribution of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) from 2004 to 2014. Scientific Reports, 7: 13460.

DeAngelis, A. I., Valtierra, R., Van Parijs, S. M., & Cholewiak, D. 2017. Using multipath reflections to obtain dive depths of beaked whales from a towed hydrophone array. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142(2): 1078-1087.

Heenehan, H. L., Van Parijs, S. M., Bejder, L., Tyne, J. A., & Johnston, D. W. 2017. Differential effects of human activity on Hawaiian spinner dolphins in their resting bays. Global Ecology and Conservation 10: 60-69.

Stanistreet, J. E., Nowacek, D. P., Baumann-Pickering, S., Bell, J. T., Cholewiak, D. M., Hildebrand, J. A., Hodge, L. E. W., Moors-Murphy, H. B., Van Parijs, S. M., & Read, A. J. 2017. Using passive acoustic monitoring to document the distribution of beaked whale species in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.

2016

Stanley, J. A., Van Parijs, S. M., & Hatch, L. T. 2016. The acoustic ecology of soniferous fishes within Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 4ENAL 27(1).

Heenehan, H. L., Van Parijs, S. M., Bejder, L., Tyne, J. A., & Johnston, D. W. 2016. Using acoustics to prioritize management decisions to protect coastal dolphins: A case study using Hawaiian spinner dolphins. Marine Policy 75: 84-90.

McDonald, E. M., Morano, J. L., DeAngelis, A. I., & Rice, A. N. 2017. Building time-budgets from bioacoustic signals to measure population-level changes in behavior: a case study with sperm whales in the Gulf of Mexico. Ecological Indicators 72: 360-364.

Heenehan, H. L., Tyne, J. A., Bejder, L., Van Parijs, S. M., & Johnston, D. W. 2016. Passive acoustic monitoring of coastally associated Hawaiian spinner dolphins, Stenella longirostris, ground-truthed through visual surveys. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140(1): 206-215.

Stanistreet, J. E., Nowacek, D. P., Read, A. J., Baumann-Pickering, S., Moors-Murphy, H. B., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2016. Effects of duty-cycled passive acoustic recordings on detecting the presence of beaked whales in the northwest Atlantic. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140(1): EL31-EL37.

Webster, T. A., Dawson, S. M., Rayment, W. J., Parks, S. E., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2016. Quantitative analysis of the acoustic repertoire of southern right whales in New Zealand. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140(1): 322-333.

Urazghildiiev, I. R., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2016. Automatic grunt detector and recognizer for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139(5): 2532-2540.

Hatch, L. T., Wahle, C. M., Gedamke, J., Harrison, J., Laws, B., Moore, S. E., Stadler, J. H., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2016. Can you hear me here? Managing Acoustic habitat in US waters. Endangered Species Research 30: 171-186.

Mooney, T. A., Kaplan, M. B., Izzi, A., Lamoni, L., & Sayigh, L. 2016. Temporal trends in cusk eel sound production at a proposed US wind farm site. Aquatic Biology 24: 201-210.

Roch, M. A., Batchelor, H., Baumann-Pickering, S., Berchok, C. L., Cholewiak, D., Fujioka, E., Garland, E. C., Herbert, S., Hildebrand, J. A., Oleson, E. M., Van Parijs, S., Risch, D., Sirovic, A., & Soldevilla, M. S. 2016. Management of acoustic metadata for bioacoustics. Ecological Informatics 31: 122-136.

2015

Ou, H., Au, W. W. L., Van Parijs, S., Oleson, E. M., & Rankin, S. 2015. Discrimination of frequency-modulated Baleen whale downsweep calls with overlapping frequencies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 137(6): 3024-3032.

Thomisch, K., Boebel, O., Zitterbart, D.P., Samaran, F., Van Parijs, S., & Van Opzeeland, I. 2015. Effects of subsampling of passive acoustic recordings on acoustic metrics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138(1): 267-278.

Van Parijs, S. M., Baumgartner, M., Cholewiak, D., Davis, G., Gedamke, J., Gerlach, D., Haver, S., Hatch, J., Hatch, L., Hotchkin, C., Izzi, A., Klinck, H., Matzen, E., Risch, D., Silber, G. K., & Thompson, M. 2015. NEPAN: A U.S. Northeast Passive Acoustic Sensing Network for Monitoring, Reducing Threats and the Conservation of Marine Animals. Marine Technology Society Journal 49(2): 70-86.
The Marine Technology Society is a not-for-profit, international, professional association. Founded in 1963, the Society believes that the advancement of marine technology and the productive, sustainable use of the oceans depend upon the active exchange of ideas between government, industry and academia. See www.mtsociety.org.

Van Parijs, S. M., Curtice, C., & Ferguson, M. C. (Eds.). 2015. Biologically Important Areas for cetaceans within U.S. waters. Aquatic Mammals (Special Issue) 41(1): 128 pp.

Bort, J., Van Parijs, S. M., Stevick, P. T., Summers, E., & Todd, S. 2015. North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis vocalization patterns in the central Gulf of Maine from October 2009 through October 2010. Endangered Species Research 26: 271-280.

2014

Risch, D., Castellote, M., Clark, C. W., Davis, G.E., Dugan, P.J., Hodge, L.E.W., Kumar, A., Lucke, K., Mellinger, D. K., Nieukirk, S. L., Popescu, C. M., Ramp, C., Read, A. J., Rice, A. N., Silva, M. A., Siebert, U., Stafford, K. M., Verdaat, H., & Van Parijs, S.M. 2014. Seasonal migrations of North Atlantic minke whales: novel insights from large-scale passive acoustic monitoring networks. Movement Ecology 2(24): 1-17.

Risch, D., Corkeron, P. J., Ellison, W. T., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2014. Formal Comment to Gong et al.: Ecosystem Scale Acoustic Sensing Reveals Humpback Whale Behavior Synchronous with Herring Spawning Processes and Re-Evaluation Finds No Effect of Sonar on Humpback Song Occurrence in the Gulf of Maine in Fall 2006. PLoS ONE 9(10): e109225.

Risch, D., Gales, N. J., Gedamke, J., Kindermann, L., Nowacek, D. P., Read, A. J., Siebert, U., Van Opzeeland, I. C., Van Parijs, S. M., & Friedlaender, A. S. 2014. Mysterious bio-duck sound attributed to the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis). Biology Letters 10: 20140175.

Risch, D., Siebert, U., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2014. Individual calling behaviour and movements of North Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Behaviour 151(9): 1335-1360.

2013

Cholewiak, D., Baumann-Pickering, S., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2013. Description of sounds associated with Sowerby's beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134(5): 3905-3912.

Risch, D., Clark, C. W., Dugan, P. J., Popescu, M., Siebert, U., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2013. Minke whale acoustic behavior and multi-year seasonal and diel vocalization patterns in Massachusetts Bay, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 489: 279-295.

Valtierra, R. D., Holt, R. G., Cholewiak, D., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2013. Calling depths of baleen whales from single sensor data: Development of an autocorrelation method using multipath localization. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143(3): 2571-2581.

Cholewiak, D., Sousa-Lima, R., & Cerchio, S. 2013. Humpback whale song hierarchical structure: historical context and discussion of current classification issues. Marine Mammal Science 29(3): E312-E332.

Van Opzeeland, I., Van Parijs, S., Kinderman, L., Burkhardt, E., & Boebel, O. 2013. Calling in the cold: Pervasive acoustic presence of humpback whales (Megaptera nocaeandliae) in Antarctic coastal waters. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73007.

Baumgartner, M. F., Fratantoni, D. M., Hurst, T. P., Brown, M. W., Cole, T. V. M., Van Parijs, S. M., & Johnson, M. 2013. Real-time reporting of baleen whale passive acoustic detections from ocean gliders. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 134(3): 1814-1823.

Stanistreet, J. E., Risch, D., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2013. Passive acoustic tracking of singing humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on a Northwest Atlantic feeding ground. PLos ONE 8(4): e61263.

Hernandez, K. M., Risch, D., Cholewiak, D. M., Dean, M. J., Hatch, L. T., Hoffman, W. S., Rice, A. N., Zemeckis, D., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2013. Acoustic monitoring of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in Massachusetts Bay: implications for management and conservation. ICES Journal of Marine Science.

2012

Hatch, L. T., Clark, C. W., Van Parijs, S. M., Frankel, A., & Ponirakis, D. 2012. Quantifying loss of communication space for right whales in and around a U. S. National Marine Sanctuary. Conservation Biology 26(1): 21-28.

Mussoline, S., Clark, C. W., Corkeron, P. J., Hatch. L., Risch, D., Thompson, M., Weinrich, M., Wiley, D., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2012. Long term passive acoustic monitoring of North Atlantic right whale up calls throughout Stellwagen bank and Jeffries ledge: seasonal, diel and spatial patterns. Endangered Species Research 14: 17-26.

Vu, E. T., Risch, D., Clark, C. W., Gaylord, S., Hatch, L. T., Thompson, M. A., Wiley, D. N., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2012. Humpback whale song occurs extensively on feeding grounds in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Aquatic Biology 14: 175-183

Risch, D., Corkeron, P. J., Ellison, W. T., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2012. Changes in humpback whale song occurrence in response to an acoustic source 200 km away. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29741.

2011

Van Opzeeland, I. C., Van Parijs, S. M., Kindermann, L., & Boebel, O. 2011. Individual variation in pup vocalizations and absence of behavioral signs of maternal vocal discrimination in Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). Marine Mammal Science 28: 158-172

Valtierra, R. D., Van Parijs, S. M., & Holt, R. G. 2011. A simple autocorrelation method for multipath localization techniques. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129(4): 2574-2574.

Wiley, D., Ware, C., Bocconcelli, A., Cholewiak, D., Friedlaender, A., Thompson, M., & Weinrich, M. 2011. Underwater components of humpback whale bubble-net feeding behavior. Behaviour 148: 575-602.

Moore, S. E.,Van Parijs, S. M., Southall, B. L., & Stafford, K. M. 2011. Listening to marine mammals at basin to local scales. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129(4): 2371-2371.

2010

Van Opzeeland, I., Van Parijs, S., Bornemann, H., Frickenhaus, S., Kindermann, L., Klinck, H., Plotz, J., & Boebel, O. 2010. Acoustic ecology of Antarctic pinnipeds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 414: 267-291.

2009

Clark, C. W., Ellison, W. T., Southall, B. L., Frankel, A., Ponirakis, D., Hatch, L., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2009. Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems: intuitions, analysis, and implication. Marine Acoustics Theme Session in Marine Ecology Progress Series 395: 201-222.

Delarue, J., Todd, S., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2009. Geographic variation in Northwest Atlantic fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) song: implications for stock structure assessment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125: 1774-1782.

Van Opzeeland, I. C., Corkeron, P. J., Risch D., Stenson, G., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2009. Geographic variation in vocalizations of pups and mother-pup behavior of harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Aquatic Biology 6: 109-120.

Van Parijs, S. M., Clark, C. W., Sousa-Lima, R. S., Parks, S. E., Rankin, S., Risch, D., & Van Opzeeland, I. C. 2009. Management, mitigation and research applications of near real time and archival passive acoustic sensors over variable temporal and spatial scales. Marine Acoustics Theme Session in Marine Ecology Progress Series 395: 21-36.

2008

Hatch, L., Clark, C., Merrick, R., Van Parijs, S., Ponirakis, D., Schwehr, K., Thompson, M., & Wiley, D. 2008. Characterizing the relative contributions of large vessels to total ocean noise fields: a case study using the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Environmental management 42(5): 735-752.

2007

Risch, D., Clark, C. W., Corkeron, P. J., Elepfandt, A., Kovacs, K. M., Lydersen, C., Stirling, I., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2007. Vocalizations of male bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus: classification and geographical variation. Animal Behaviour 73(5): 747-762.

2006

Davies, C. E., Kovacs, K. M., Lydersen, C., & Van Parijs, S. M. 2006. Development of display behavior in young captive bearded seals. Marine Mammal Science 22(4): 952-965.

Van Parijs, S. M. & Clark, C. W. 2006. Long term mating tactics in an aquatic-mating pinniped, the bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus. Animal Behaviour 72(6): 1269-1277.

2004

Van Opzeeland, I. C. & Van Parijs, S. M. 2004. Individuality in harp seal, Phoca groenlandica, pup vocalizations. Animal Behaviour 68: 1115-1123.

Van Parijs, S. M., Lydersen, C., & Kovacs, K. M. 2004. Effects of ice cover on the behavioural patterns of aquatic-mating male bearded seals. Animal Behaviour 68: 89-96.

2003

Van Parijs, S. M., Corkeron, P. J., Harvey, J., Hayes, S., Mellinger, D. K., Rouget, P., Thompson, P. M., Wahlberg, M., & Kovacs, K. M. 2003. Patterns in the vocalizations of male harbor seals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113: 3403-3410.

Van Parijs, S. M., Lydersen, C., & Kovacs, K. M. 2003. Vocalizations and movements suggest alternative mating tactics in male bearded seals. Animal Behaviour 65: 273-283.

Van Parijs, S. M. 2003. Aquatic mating in pinnipeds: A review. Special issue on Pinniped Vocal Communication in Aquatic Mammals 29(2): 214-226.

2002

Van Parijs, S. M., Smith, J., & Corkeron P. J. 2002. Using calls to estimate the abundance of inshore dolphins: a case study with Pacific humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 853-864.

2001

Van Parijs, S. M. & Corkeron, P. J. 2001. Evidence for signature whistle production by a Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis. Marine Mammal Science 17: 944-949.

Van Parijs, S. M. & Corkeron, P. J. 2001. Boat traffic affects the acoustic behaviour of Pacific humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association 81: 533-538.

Van Parijs, S. M., Kovacs, K. M., & Lydersen, C. 2001. Spatial and temporal distribution of vocalising male bearded seals: implications for male mating strategies. Behaviour 138: 905-922.

Reports & Theses

Stanistreet, J. E. 2017. Ecology of Beaked Whales and Sperm Whales in the Western North Atlantic Ocean: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring. Ph.D Dissertation. Duke University.

Heinemann, D., J. Gedamke, E. Oleson, J. Barlow, J. Crance, M. Holt, M. Soldevilla, and S. Van Parijs. 2016. Report of the Joint Marine Mammal Commission-National Marine Fisheries Service Passive Acoustic Surveying Workshop, 16-17 April, 2015, La Jolla, CA. Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, MD, and National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD., U.S. Dept. Commerce. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-164, 107 p.

McGuire, C. H., Dean, M. J., Hoffman, W. S., Cadrin, S. X., Zemeckis, D. Z., Van Parijs, S., Hatch, L. 2016. Ecosystem studies of Atlantic cod spawning aggregations in relation to fisheries interactions using novel active and passive acoustic approaches. Final Report. The Nature Conservancy. NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Saltonstall Kennedy Grant Program

Heenehan, H.L. 2016. Soundscape Ecology of Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin Resting Bays. Ph.D Dissertation. Duke University.

Risch, D. 2013. Baleen whale acoustic ecology with focus on minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and reference to anthropogenic noise. Ph.D. Dissertation. Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.

Valtierra, R. 2013. Source of localization of narrow band signals in multipath environments, with application to marine mammals. Ph.D. Dissertation. Boston University.

Van Opzeeland, I. 2010. Acoustic ecology of marine mammals in polar oceans. Ph.D. Dissertation. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bemerhaven, Germany.

Cholewiak, D. 2008. Evaluating the role of song in the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) breeding system with respect to intra-sexual interactions. Ph.D. Dissertation. Cornell University.

Van Parijs, S., & Southall, B., Convenors and Workshop Co-chairs. 2007. Report of the 2006 NOAA National Passive Acoustics Workshop: Developing a Strategic Program Plan for NOAA’s Passive Acoustics Ocean Observing System (PAOOS), Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 11–13 April 2006. NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-F/SPO-81, 64 p.

Book Chapters

Gedamke, J., Ferguson, M., Harrison, J., Hatch, L., Henderson, L., Porter, M. B., Southall, B. L., & Van Parijs, S. 2016. Predicting anthropogenic noise contributions to US waters. In The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II. Springer New York, pp. 341-347.

Harrison, J., Ferguson, M., Gedamke, J., Hatch, L., Southall, B., & Van Parijs, S. 2016. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Cetacean and Sound Mapping Effort: Continuing Forward with an Integrated Ocean Noise Strategy. In The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II. Springer New York, pp. 409-416.

Miksis-Olds, J. L., Van Opzeeland, I. C., Van Parijs, S. M., & Jones, J. 2016. Pinniped Sounds in the Polar Oceans. Chapter 11 in Au, W. & Lammers, M. (eds.) Listening in the Ocean. Springer New York, pp. 257-308.

Cholewiak, D., Risch, D., Valtierra, R., & Van Parijs, S. M., 2013. Methods for passive acoustic tracking of marine mammals: estimating calling rates, depths and detection probability for density estimation. Chapter 6 in Adam, O. (ed) Detection, Classification and Localization of marine mammals, pp. 107 - 145.

Whitehead, H. & Van Parijs, S. M. 2010. Studying marine mammal social systems. Chapter 12 in Boyd, I. L., Bowen, W. D., and Iverson, S. J. (eds.) Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques. Oxford University Press.

Van Opzeeland, I., Kindermann, L., Boebel, O., & Van Parijs, S. 2008. Insights into the acoustic behaviour of polar pinnipeds: current knowledge and emerging techniques of study. In Weber, E.A., Krause L.H. (eds.) Animal Behaviour: New Research. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp. 133-161.

Corkeron, P. J. & Van Parijs, S. M. 2001. Marine mammal migrations and movement patterns. In Steele, J. H., Turekian, K. K. & Thorpe, S. A. (eds). Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Academic Press, London, pp. 1603 - 1611.