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Table 5. Selected prospective stages in the policy orientation process in an ecosystem-oriented LME fisheries (management) module. Adapted and modified after, e.g., Jones (1984); Burroughs (1996); Clark (1992); Olsen et al. (1998); Pielke et al. (1999); Thia-Eng (1998); Hennessey (1994); Juda and Burroughs (1990); Sorensen and McCreary (1990). The bold highlighted stages below indicate “significant scientific input for this activity” (Burroughs, 1996). Prediction as a process in fostering sound decision making from scientific research comes from Pielke et al. (1999) and Steele (1998). It too would contain significant scientific input.

• Definition of problems in society (problem definition)
• Initiation/invention may include preliminary investigation of management concepts
• Aggregation of concerned individuals, e.g., stakeholders, also public awareness
• Organization or initiation, e.g., stakeholders consensus building
• Representation, access to decision makers maintained
• Agenda setting
• Formulation of proposals (by government)
• Legitimation of program by government
• Preparation of a program may include pilot projects as a potential pre-test
• Estimation may include a more thorough assessment of management concepts
• Selection may provide benefits by reducing uncertainty about various options
• Prediction of policy decisions in planning and managing natural resources
• Budgeting for government program and (formal adoption of program)
• Adoption of organizational and legal mechanisms
• Implementation of government program by key actors
• Evaluation of program
• Refining and consolidating, including, e.g., program monitoring
• Adjustment and/or termination, including how adjustments come about