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Table 10. Criteria, reference values and indicators used in
international LME fisheries from Garcia and Staples, 2000; Garcia,
2000. |
Criteria(Issue) |
Reference values |
Indicators |
| Fishery-related indicators |
| Catch |
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY); Maximum Constant Yield (MCY),
Maximum Long-TermAverageYield (LTAY); Optimum Yield (undefined). |
Catch.C/MSY.C/MCY.C/LTAY. (MSY - Yield)/MSY. Similar ratios using
MCY, or LTAY. Similar ratios using 2/3 MSY. |
Fishing mortality (F)
|
FMSY, FMCY, FLTAY, FMEY, F0.1, FOY (undetermined), FMAX, Flow, Fmed, Fhigh, 2/3FMSY, F30%SPR, Fcrash, Floss, F>=M, F<M,
Zbmp.
|
f.f/area.F.f/fMSY, f/fLTAY, F/FMSY, F/FLTAY, etc.
Searching "steaming" time/fishing time (for schooling fish). Area
fished/total species range. Fishing capacity (GRT). Ratio to optimal
capacity. |
| Fishing effort
(f) |
| Fishing intensity
(f/area) |
GRTMSY, etc. |
| Fleet capacity
(GRT) |
Vessels in
a targeted fishery (open access or permitted) |
Catch value or revenues (R)
|
Maximum Sustainable Revenue (MSR). |
R.R/MSR, (MSR-R)/MSR |
| Rent |
Maximum Economic
Yield (MEY) = Max. Economic Rent (MER) |
Rent. Rent/MER. |
Technology indicators |
Environmental aspects: Selectivity.
Discards |
Ratios
to best available (affordable) technology? "Zero Discards"? Prior
Consent (PC)
or Prior
Authorization (PA) procedures. Lists of acceptable and/or banned gear.
Gear regulations. Technologies addressing selectivity, by-catch of juveniles,
and discards (Grid systems, protected nursery areas). |
Lc50. Tc50. Total discards. Discards/By-catch.
Discards/Catch. |
Social indicators |
| Employment (EMP) |
Maximum Sustainable Employment (MSE)? |
EMP. EMP/MSE |
Age (A) |
? |
Age (fisheries) or Age (rural sector) |
Social cohesion |
Minimum social unrest. Maximum compliance |
Non-compliance ratio. |
Community resiliency |
|
Index of diversity in employment |
Community independence |
|
%of economic activity based locally |
| |
| On-board conditions |
Minimum rate of accident? Maximum rate of insurance |
Number of accidents/trip? Cost of insurance? % ensured. |
Wealth indicator? |
? |
Fisheries over comparable wages in other job categories? |
Institutional / Governance Indicators |
| Management capacity |
A fisheries with Management plan (MP) |
% of fisheries covered by MP |
Decision-support capacity |
Appropriate research / monitoring capacity |
Research staff and budget. GIS capacity. Record of scientific
advice to decision making and to assessment of management performance
degree of participation (in information collection, option analysis,
decision making, enforcement). Number and role of NGOs. Duration
and severity of conflicts (?). |
| |
Legislation |
In line with international agreements and conventions. Also
national domestic laws and regulations. |
Rate of adoption of aspects found in the FAO Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries? |
Partnership / Participation |
Degree
of participation (from 0+No participation to 1=participation
in decision and
enforcement) |
% of Fisheries with partnership mechanism. |
MCS |
Effective MCS system operational. Complies with duties of Flag
and Port State |
Rate of compliance. Number of penalties / Number of infractions |
Oversight |
Independent oversight mechanism available |
% Fisheries covered by Oversight Committees |
| Effectiveness of sector policy |
|
|
Research |
|
Linkage between research and decision-making (research involved,
utilized, published, publically available, scientific cooperation,
independent advice) policy orientation |
Target resource indicators |
| Resource biomass (B) |
B=50% B(virgin).
SB>MBAL. SB>0.3B(Virgin). BMSY, BMCY, B50%R, B90%R. |
B.B/B(virgin). B/BMSY, B/BMCY, B/B50%R, B/B90%R |
Spawning biomass (SB) |
|
Biomass
of target and non-target species. Catch per unit of effort (cpue)
is a proxy indicators for B. In some cases, changes in distribution
area could be used as a proxy to changes in biomass
(small pelagic) |
Resource structure: Length. Age. Lc50, Lm50, ,
LF=0 tc50, tm50 |
|
Length or age composition and average length or age; ratio
of average length or age to length or
age at first maturity (Lm50 and tm50). Ratio of present
average length ( ) to pristine average length or age (LF=0)
eventually simulated with F = 0, Sex-ratio where relevant (e.g. marine
mammals also sea turtles). School size where relevant (e.g., small pelagic
resources). Index of fat content (e.g., in small pelagic fish used for reduction
also used for Blue Fin Tuna). |
Ecosystem indicators |
| Biological diversity |
Minimum possible species loss. Minimum loss of genetic diversity |
Existence
of Marine Protected
Areas (MPA). % littoral area protected, totally, partially. Existence
of germplasm conservation
scheme. Biodiversity index. |
Water quality |
'Pristine'conditions or conditions at an agreed reference point
in time |
Pollution
index; transparency (Secchi values); satellite coastal zone color
scanner (CZCS) indications;
algae index; release of nitrogen components and phosphorates;other global
pollution indicators; population density (average and seasonal peaks); absolute
values or ratios to historical levels. % of change. |
Pollution |
Conventional standards established by international environmental
treaties and conventions, International
Maritime Organization (IMO) etc. |
Critical habitats |
Minimum % of area of seagrass beds, mangroves, mudflats, coral
reefs, 'Pristine'habitat area (or,
area at an agreed reference point in time), to be conserved. % of area which
is formally protected; statute. Dead restrictions |
Ratio between
residual (hinterland) area and 'Pristine'or reference area, area
of live
and dead coral, grass density, species diversity
indexes, other indexes of condition; protected areas
(biosphere reserves) |
Environmental economics indicators (to be developed) |
| Value of environmental assets |
|
Compliance, extension education, subsidies and deterence theory |